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PPTS (Prospective Piloted Transport System or Перспективная Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, ''Perspektivnaya Pilotiruemaya Transportnaya Sistema''), unofficially called Rus, was a project by the Russian Federal Space Agency in 2006–2010 to potentially develop a new-generation, partially reusable piloted spacecraft. Its official name is Пилотируемый Транспортный Корабль Нового Поколения, Pilotiruemyi Transportny Korabl Novogo Pokoleniya or PTK NP meaning New Generation Piloted Transport Ship. The goal of the project was to develop a new-generation spacecraft to replace the aging Soyuz spacecraft developed by the former Soviet Union and it is similar in design and function to the US Orion spacecraft. The PPTS project was started following the failed plans by Russia to co-develop Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS, until middle 2006 named ACTS) with Europe. Following this the Russian Federal Space Agency ordered the local space industry to finalize proposals for the new manned spacecraft.〔(17 March 2009) ("Russia Reviews Bids For New Moon-Bound Space Rocket" ) ''redorbit.com''〕 ==History== When the Kliper project was revealed to the public, the officials admitted that despite its pragmatic and cost-conscious design, it had little chance of materializing without large financial assistance from Russia and abroad. Hence, the Russian Space Agency and RKK Energia launched an effort to market Kliper to international partners. With NASA out of the equation due to its Orion spacecraft, which was a part of the Constellation Program, Russia turned to Europe as a prospective partner. Previously, ESA officials had inquired whether they could be part of the Constellation Program of the United States, however they received a negative response.〔http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,443901,00.html〕 Hence, Europe decided to join the Russians to co-develop a new-generation manned spacecraft. But, ESA insisted on a joint design rather than the Russian-designed Kliper. As a result, the joint Russian/European CSTS project came into being. CSTS had completed an initial study phase, which lasted for 18 months from September 2006 to spring 2008, before the project was shut down before an ESA member state conference in November 2008. ESA decided to part ways with the CSTS project as it wanted to pursue a crewed version of its Automated Transfer Vehicle(ATV).〔http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/21/225944/esa-aims-for-manned-capsule-by-2020.html〕 At the same time the Russian Space Agency had repeatedly received proposals from Moscow-based Khrunichev enterprise to develop a new-generation manned spacecraft based on the TKS spacecraft that would be launched on the new Angara launch Vehicle. Citing the requirement to start work on a new manned spacecraft, Russia decided to go forward with the project all by itself.〔http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks_followon.html〕 By the first quarter of 2009, Roskosmos had finalized its requirements for the next-generation manned spacecraft and had received proposals from both RKK Energia and Khrunichev enterprise. This was the actual beginning of the PPTS project. The agency was finally ready to name the prime developer of the vehicle. Formally, only two organizations which were practically capable of developing manned space vehicles competed in the government tender to build the new spacecraft—RKK Energia in Korolev and Moscow-based Khrunichev enterprise.〔Anatoly Zak (11 February 2009) ("PPTS - Prospective Piloted Transport System" ) ''russianspaceweb''〕 Although Roskosmos has officially remained tight-lipped about the project, a number of Russian officials made statements hinting about various stages of the project. On January 21, 2009, the head of Russian space agency Roskosmos, Anatoly Perminov, told Rossiyskaya Gazeta, a Russian newspaper, that Russia would likely proceed with independent development of the next-generation manned spacecraft. According to Perminov, the agency and its main research and certification center—TsNIIMash—had already conducted an expanded meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council, NTS, examining follow-on transport systems, including the next-generation manned ship. It would be followed by a government tender to select a developer for the new vehicle. The new spacecraft would be expected to enter service within a time frame of the Orion spacecraft, however a more detailed development plan would be ready with the preliminary design of the vehicle in the middle of 2010, Perminov said. In the first quarter of 2009, Roskosmos released requirements which were used in the development of the Technical Assignment to the industry working on the PPTS project. The preliminary development of the project was expected to take place from March 2009 until June 2010 at the estimated cost of around 800,000,000 rubles ($24 million). The work apparently covered only an Earth-orbiting version of the spacecraft, while laying the foundation for later lunar-orbiting spacecraft, or even a Mars-bound crew vehicle. The agency's general requirements asked the industry to develop a vehicle of "foreign" standards in its technical capabilities and cost, while at the same time using existing technologies as much as possible.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prospective Piloted Transport System」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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